The Science Behind
COVIT D+ 10
50% More Vitamins, 100% More Minerals
Welcome to the science section of Sublime USA, where we delve into the remarkable research and rigorous scientific foundation that underpins our revolutionary multivitamin supplement, COVIT D+ 10. Backed by a wealth of evidence and cutting-edge research, COVIT D+ 10 stands as a true testament to our commitment to your health and well-being.
At Sublime USA, we believe that optimal health starts from within. COVIT D+ 10 has been meticulously crafted to provide a nutritional edge that sets it apart from the competition. With an impressive 50% more vitamins compared to other leading multivitamins in 2022, it’s a clear frontrunner in providing the nutrients your body craves. But that’s not all—COVIT D+ 10 takes it even further by boasting an astounding 100% more mineral equivalents. This powerful combination ensures that you’re not only meeting but exceeding your body’s daily nutritional requirements.
Table of Contents
Vitamins
Vitamin D
Non-radioactive single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) using the Pharmacia ‘PhastSystem’.
Mohabeer AJ, Hiti AL, Martin WJ.
Nucleic Acids Res. 1991 Jun 11;19(11):3154.
doi: 10.1093/nar/19.11.3154.
PMID: 2057373; PMCID: PMC328289.
Rapid, nonradioactive screening for mutations in exons 10, 11, and 16 of the RET protooncogene associated with inherited medullary thyroid carcinoma.
Siegelman, Mark, Mohabeer, Ajay, Fahey, Thomas, Tomlinson, Gail, Mayambala, Chris, Jafari, Sepideh, Noll, Walter, Thibodeau, Stephen, Dawson, David.
April 1997 Clinical Chemistry 43(3):453-7.
DOI:10.1093/clinchem/43.3.453.
SourcePubMed.
Consultant physician and gastroenterologist.
- Dr David Grimes
Vitamin D Insufficiency May Account for Almost Nine of Ten COVID-19 Deaths: Time to Act. Comment on: “Vitamin D Deficiency and Outcome of COVID-19 Patients”.
Brenner H, Schöttker B.
2020 Nov 27. Nutrients 2020, 12, 2757. Nutrients. 2020
Nov 27;12(12):3642. doi:
10.3390/nu12123642. PMID: 33260798; PMCID: PMC7761047.
Vitamin D and COVID NEW Studies – Evidence for a Protective Role of Vitamin D in COVID.
Mike Hansen, February 2021.
Vitamin D Status in Hospitalized Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection.
José L Hernández, Daniel Nan, Marta Fernandez-Ayala, Mayte García-Unzueta, Miguel A Hernández-Hernández, Marcos López-Hoyos, Pedro Muñoz-Cacho, José M Olmos, Manuel Gutiérrez-Cuadra, Juan J Ruiz-Cubillán, Javier Crespo, Víctor M Martínez-Taboada.
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Volume 106, Issue 3, March 2021, Pages e1343–e1353,
The Impact of Vitamin D Level on COVID-19 Infection: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Teshome A, Adane A, Girma B, Mekonnen ZA
Front Public Health. 2021; 9:624559. Published 2021 Mar 5. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.624559.
Vitamin D Protect Us from COVID-19? What Is the Required Dosage? Can Too Much Vitamin D Harm Us.
M. F. Holick
October Michael 2020.
Vitamin D and Its Potential Benefit for the COVID-19 Pandemic.
Charoenngam N, Shirvani A, Holick MF.
Endocr Pract. 2021 May;27(5):484-493. doi: 10.1016/j.eprac.2021.03.006. Epub 2021 Mar 17. PMID: 33744444; PMCID: PMC7965847.
Association of Vitamin D Status With Hospital Morbidity and Mortality in Adult Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19.
Charoenngam N, Shirvani A, Reddy N, Vodopivec DM, Apovian CM, Holick MF.
Endocr Pract. 2021;27(4):271-278. doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2021.02.013.
Treatment With 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 (Calcifediol) Is Associated With a Reduction in the Blood Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Marker of Disease Severity in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19: A Pilot Multicenter, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blinded Clinical Trial.
Maghbooli Z, Sahraian MA, Jamalimoghadamsiahkali S, et al.
Endocr Pract. 2021;27(12):1242-1251. doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2021.09.016.
Vitamin D sufficiency, a serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D at least 30 ng/mL reduced risk for adverse clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19 infection.
Maghbooli Z, Sahraian MA, Ebrahimi M, Pazoki M, Kafan S, Tabriz HM, Hadadi A, Montazeri M, Nasiri M, Shirvani A, Holick MF.
PLoS One. 2020 Sep 25;15(9):e0239799. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239799. PMID: 32976513; PMCID: PMC7518605.
SARS-CoV-2 positivity rates associated with circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels.
Kaufman HW, Niles JK, Kroll MH, Bi C, Holick MF.
PLoS One. 2020;15(9): e0239252. Published 2020 Sep 17.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0239252.
Vitamin D and COVID-19.
Dr. Berg Interviews Dr. Seheult on Treatment and Prevention. Berg, Eric. Dec 20, 2021.
COVID-19 Mortality Risk Correlates Inversely with Vitamin D3 Status, and a Mortality Rate Close to Zero Could Theoretically Be Achieved at 50 ng/mL 25(OH)D3: Results of a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Borsche L, Glauner B, von Mendel J.
Nutrients. 2021;13(10):3596. Published 2021 Oct 14. doi:10.3390/nu13103596.
Pharmacokinetics of vitamin D toxicity.
Glenville Jones.
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 88, Issue 2, August 2008, Pages 582S–586S.
Changing Incidence of Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Values Above 50 ng/mL: A 10-Year Population-Based Study.
Dudenkov DV, Yawn BP, Oberhelman SS, et al.
Mayo Clin Proc. 2015;90(5):577-586. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.02.012
Evaluation of vitamin D3 intakes up to 15,000 international units/day and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations up to 300 nmol/L (120 ng/ml) on calcium metabolism in a community setting.
Kimball SM, Mirhosseini N, Holick MF.
Dermatoendocrinol. 2017;9(1):e1300213. Published 2017 Apr 13. doi:10.1080/19381980.2017.1300213
The importance of body weight for the dose response relationship of oral vitamin D supplementation and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in healthy volunteers.
Ekwaru JP, Zwicker JD, Holick MF, Giovannucci E, Veugelers PJ.
PLoS One. 2014;9(11): e111265. Published 2014 Nov 5. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0111265
The Role of Vitamin D in the Immune System as a Pro-survival Molecule.
Salvatore Chirumbolo. PhD1 ; Geir Bjørklund PhD2 ; Andrea Sboarina, PhD3 and Antonio Vella, PhD4.
Clinical Therapeutics/Volume 39, Number 5, 2017 894-916.
Vitamin D regulation of the immune system and its implications for COVID-19: A mini review.
Bui L, Zhu Z, Hawkins S, Cortez-Resendiz A, Bellon A.
SAGE Open Med. 2021 May 18;9:20503121211014073.
doi: 10.1177/20503121211014073. PMID: 34046177; PMCID: PMC8135207.
Vitamin D and the immune system.
Aranow C.
J Investig Med. 2011;59(6):881-886. doi:10.2310/JIM.0b013e31821b8755.
The Possible Role of Vitamin D in Suppressing Cytokine Storm and Associated Mortality in COVID-19 Patients.
Ali Daneshkhah, Vasundhara Agrawal, Adam Eshein, Hariharan Subramanian, Hemant K. Roy, Vadim Backman.
medRxiv 2020.04.08.20058578.
doi:
Magnesium and Vitamin D Deficiency as a Potential Cause of Immune Dysfunction, Cytokine Storm and Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation in covid-19 patients.
DiNicolantonio JJ, O’Keefe JH.
Mo Med. 2021 Jan-Feb;118(1):68-73.
PMID: 33551489; PMCID: PMC7861592.
The effect of vitamin D, magnesium and zinc supplements on interferon signaling pathways and their relationship to control SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Fjadi, M., Karami, H., Goudarzi, K. et al.
Clin Mol Allergy 19, 21 (2021).
Vitamin D and Multiple Sclerosis: A Comprehensive Review.
Sintzel MB, Rametta M, Reder AT.
Neurol Ther. 2018;7(1):59-85.
doi:10.1007/s40120-017-0086-4.
Vitamin D and thyroid disorders: a systematic review and Meta-analysis of observational studies.
Taheriniya S, Arab A, Hadi A, Fadel A, Askari G.
BMC Endocr Disord. 2021 Aug 21;21(1):171.
doi: 10.1186/s12902-021-00831-5. PMID: 34425794; PMCID: PMC8381493.
Emerging role of vitamin D in autoimmune diseases: An update on evidence and therapeutic implications.
Murdaca G, Tonacci A, Negrini S, Greco M, Borro M, Puppo F, Gangemi S. Autoimmun
Rev. 2019 Sep;18(9):102350.
The implication of vitamin D and autoimmunity: a comprehensive review.
Yang CY, Leung PS, Adamopoulos IE, Gershwin ME.
Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2013;45(2):217-226. doi:10.1007/s12016-013-8361-3
Effect of forest bathing trips on human immune function.
Li Q.
Environ Health Prev Med. 2010;15(1):9-17.
doi:10.1007/s12199-008-0068-3
Cod Liver and Tuberculosis.
Green Malcom.
BMJ 2011;343:d7505
The Nobel Prize in Physiology of Medicine 1903.
Neils Ryberg Finsen.
Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data.
Adrian R Martineau et al.
BMJ 2017;356:i6583
Randomized trial of vitamin D supplementation to prevent seasonal influenza A in schoolchildren.
Mitsuyoshi Urashima, Takaaki Segawa, Minoru Okazaki, Mana Kurihara, Yasuyuki Wada, Hiroyuki Ida.
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 91, Issue 5, May 2010, Pages 1255–1260.
A Review on the Role of Vitamin D in Asthma.
Ali NS, Nanji K.
Cureus. 2017;9(5): e1288. Published 2017 May 29.
doi:10.7759/cureus.1288.
Vitamin D deficiency as a risk factor for urinary tract infection in women at reproductive age.
Ali SB, Perdawood D, Abdulrahman R, Al Farraj DA, Alkubaisi NA.
Saudi J Biol Sci. 2020;27(11):2942-2947.
doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.08.008.
Effect of calcifediol treatment and best available therapy versus best available therapy on intensive care unit admission and mortality among patients hospitalized for COVID-19: A pilot randomized clinical study.
Entrenas Castillo M, Entrenas Costa LM, Vaquero Barrios JM, et al.
J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2020; 203:105751.
doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105751
Mathematical analysis of Córdoba calcifediol trial suggests strong role for Vitamin D in reducing ICU admissions of hospitalized COVID-19 patients.
Irwin Jungreis, Manolis Kellis.
medRxiv 2020.11.08.20222638;
doi:https://doi.org/10.1101/
2020.11.08.20222638.
A randomized pilot study using calcitriol in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.
Elamir YM, Amir H, Lim S, Rana YP, Lopez CG, Feliciano NV, Omar A, Grist WP, Via MA.
Bone. 2022 Jan; 154:116175.
doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116175. Epub 2021 Sep 8. PMID: 34508882; PMCID: PMC8425676.
Is ethnicity linked to incidence or outcomes of covid-19?
Khunti K, Singh AK, Pareek M, Hanif W. BMJ. 2020;369:m1548.
Association of Vitamin D Levels, Race/Ethnicity, and Clinical Characteristics With COVID-19 Test Results.
Meltzer DO, Best TJ, Zhang H, Vokes T, Arora VM, Solway J.
JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(3): e214117. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.4117.
Op-Ed: Don’t Let COVID-19 Patients Die with Vitamin D Deficiency — We can’t wait for perfect evidence.
Richard H. Carmona, MD, MPH, Vatsal G. Thakkar, MD, and John C. Umhau, MD, MPH
January 5, 2021. MEDPAGE TODAY, January 5, 2021,
Vitamin D in COVID – 19: Dousing the fire or averting the storm? A perspective from the Asia-Pacific.
Manju Chandrana, Aye Chan Maungb, Ambrish Mithal, Rajeev Parameswaran.
Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia, Volume 6, Issue 3, September 2020, Pages 97-105
Over 200 Scientists & Doctors Call For Increased Vitamin D Use To Combat COVID-19. Letter To all governments, public health officials, doctors, and healthcare workers. Scientific evidence indicates vitamin D reduces infections & deaths.
The appearance of calcifediol in the blood after vitamin D is taken by mouth is slow.
David S Grimes.
Effect of Vitamin D3 Supplementation vs Placebo on Hospital Length of Stay in Patients with Severe COVID-19: A Multicenter, Double-blind, Randomized Controlled Trial.
Igor H. Murai, Alan L. Fernandes, Lucas P. Sales, Ana J. Pinto, Karla F. Goessler, Camila S. C. Duran, Carla B. R. Silva, André S. Franco, Marina B. Macedo, Henrique H. H. Dalmolin, Janaina Baggio, Guilherme G. M. Balbi, Bruna Z. Reis, Leila Antonangelo, Valeria F. Caparbo, Bruno Gualano, Rosa M. R. Pereira. medRxiv.
THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES.
Effect of a Single High Dose of Vitamin D3 on Hospital Length of Stay in Patients with Moderate to Severe COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
Murai IH, Fernandes AL, Sales LP, et al.
JAMA. 2021;325(11):1053–1060.
doi:10.1001/jama.2020.26848
Low vitamin D levels do not aggravate COVID-19 risk or death, and vitamin D supplementation does not improve outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a meta-analysis and GRADE assessment of cohort studies and RCTs.
Chen J, Mei K, Xie L, Yuan P, Ma J, Yu P, Zhu W, Zheng C, Liu X.
Nutr J. 2021 Oct 31;20(1):89.
doi: 10.1186/s12937-021-00744-y. PMID: 34719404; PMCID: PMC8557713.
Dr. David Grimes
Personal communication.
Covid-19 and Vitamin D – lessons from MICE.
Grimes, David.
October 15, 2020.
http://www.drdavidgrimes.com/2020/
10/covid-19-and-vitamin-d-lessons-from-mice.html
Evaluation of vitamin D3 intakes up to 15,000 international units/day and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations up to 300 nmol/L (120 ng/ml) on calcium metabolism in a community setting.
Kimball SM, Mirhosseini N, Holick MF.
Dermatoendocrinol. 2017;9(1): 2017 Apr 13.
e1300213. doi:10.1080/19381980.2017.1300213
Risk assessment for vitamin D.
Hathcock JN, Shao A, Vieth R, Heaney R.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Jan;85(1):6-18.
doi: 10.1093/ajcn/85.1.6. PMID: 17209171.
Vitamin D and marine omega 3 fatty acid supplementation and incident autoimmune disease: VITAL randomized controlled trial.
Hahn J, Cook N R, Alexander E, Friedman S, Walter J, Bubes V et al.
BMJ 2022; 376 :e066452
doi:10.1136/bmj-2021-066452
Vitamin D Resistance as a Possible Cause of Autoimmune Diseases: A Hypothesis Confirmed by a Therapeutic High-Dose Vitamin D Protocol.
Lemke D, Klement RJ, Schweiger F, Schweiger B and Spitz J
Front. Immunol. (2021).12:655739. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.655739.
Vitamin D Status and SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Clinical Outcomes.
Chiodini I, Gatti D, Soranna D, Merlotti D, Mingiano C, Fassio A, Adami G, Falchetti A, Eller-Vainicher C, Rossini M, Persani L, Zambon A and Gennari L (2021).
Front. Public Health 9:736665. 22 December 2021.
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.736665.
Vitamin D, Immune System & SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) | Mechanism of Vit D Immune Regulation & Overview.
Mike Hansen, M.D.
Vitamin D Levels advised.
Dr John Campbell.
Fauci takes 6000 IU of vitamin D.
Vitamin D, Immune System & SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) | Mechanism of Vit D Immune Regulation & Overview.
Mike Hansen, M.D.
Ongoing current updated evidence for Vitamin D against Covid-19.
VitaminDWiki.
https://vitamindwiki.com
Fauci takes 6000 IU of vitamin D.
Vitamin A
Mega doses of retinol: A possible immunomodulation in Covid-19 illness in resource-limited settings.
Midha IK, Kumar N, Kumar A, Madan T.
Rev Med Virol. 2021;31(5):1-14.
doi:10.1002/rmv.2204.
Role of Vitamin A in the Immune System.
Huang, Z.; Liu, Y.; Qi, G.; Brand, D.; Zheng, S.G
J. Clin. Med. 2018, 7, 258.
Vitamin A, infection, and immune function.
Stephenson CB.
Annu Rev Nutr. 2001; 21:167-92.
doi: 10.1146/annurev.nutr.21.1.167. PMID: 11375434.
Vitamin A, immunity, and infection.
Semba RD.
Clin Infect Dis. 1994 Sep;19(3):489-99.
doi: 10.1093/clinids/19.3.489. PMID: 7811869.
Vitamin A supplementation in children with respiratory infections.
World Health Organization. e-Library of Evidence for Nutrition Actions (Elena). 11 February 2019.
Building Children’s Immune Systems in Kenya in the Time of COVID-19.
Helen Keller Intl, photos by Lameck Ododo | SEPTEMBER 9, 2020.
Vitamin C
Vitamin C and COVID-19.
Hemilä Harri, de Man Angelique
M. E. Front. Med., 18 January 2021.
Vitamin C and Immune Function.
Carr AC, Maggini S.
Nutrients. 2017 Nov 3;9(11):1211.
doi: 10.3390/nu9111211. PMID: 29099763; PMCID: PMC5707683.
The Long History of Vitamin C: From Prevention of the Common Cold to Potential Aid in the Treatment of COVID-19.
Giuseppe Cerullo, Massimo Negro, Mauro Parimbelli, Michela Pecoraro, Simone Perna, Giorgio Liguori, Mariangela Rondanelli, Hellas Cena, and Giuseppe D’Antona. Front. Immunol., 28 October 2020.
https://doi.org/10.3389/
fimmu.2020.574029
Vitamin C Questions: Answered. Case, Helen S.
Orthomolecular Medicine News Service, March 27, 2018.
Immunomodulatory and microbial effects of vitamin C.
Soraya Mousavi, Stefan Bereswill and Markus M Heimesaat.
AKJournals. Volume 9. Issue 3. Sep 2019, Pages 73-79.
Vitamin C and the Immune Response in Health and Disease.
Siegel B.V. (1993). In: Klurfeld D.M. (eds)
Nutrition and Immunology. Human Nutrition (A Comprehensive Treatise). Springer, Boston, MA.
Vitamin B (Complex)
Vitamin B is a family of vitamins, collectively known as the Vitamin B complex. The members of the Vitamin B family comprise of B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9 and B12.
Be well: A potential role for vitamin B in COVID-19.
Shakoor H, Feehan J, Mikkelsen K, et al.
Maturitas. 2021; 144:108-111.
doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.08.007
Potential Role of Vitamin B6 in Ameliorating the Severity of COVID-19 and Its Complications. Potential Role of Vitamin B6 in Ameliorating the Severity of COVID-19 and Its Complications.
Thanutchaporn Kumrungsee1, Peipei Zhang, Maesaya Chartkul, Noriyuki Yanaka and Norihisa Kato.
Frontiers in Nutrition, 29 October 2020, Pages 1-5.
Vitamin B6 supplementation increases immune responses in critically ill patients.
Cheng CH, Chang SJ, Lee BJ, Lin KL, Huang YC.
Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006 Oct;60(10):1207-13.
doi: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602439. Epub 2006 May 3. PMID: 16670691.
Drug repurposing based on a Quantum-Inspired method versus classical fingerprinting uncovers potential antivirals against SARS-CoV-2 including vitamin B12.
Jose M. Jimenez-Guardeño, Ana Maria Ortega-Prieto, Borja Menendez Moreno, Thomas J.A. Maguire, Juan Ignacio Diaz-Hernandez, Javier Diez Perez, Mark Zuckerman, Albert Mercadal Playa, Carlos Cordero Deline, Michael H. Malim, Rocio T Martinez-Nunez.
bioRxiv 2021.06.25.449609;
doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.25.449609
Vitamin B12 Deficiency in COVID-19 Recovered Patients: Case Report.
Alshammari, Elham.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research (09752366) ; 13(1):482-485, 2021.
The effects of vitamin B on the immune/cytokine network and their involvement in depression.
Kathleen Mikkelsen, Lily Stojanovska, Monica Prakash, Vasso Apostolopoulos.
Maturitas, Volume 96, 2017, Pages 58-71. ISSN 0378-5122.
https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.maturitas.2016.11.012.
Biotin Supplementation Increases Expression of Genes Encoding Interferon-γ, Interleukin-1β, and 3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA Carboxylase, and Decreases Expression of the Gene Encoding Interleukin-4 in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells.
Silke Wiedmann, James D. Eudy, Janos Zempleni.
The Journal of Nutrition, Volume 133, Issue 3, March 2003, Pages 716–719.
Handbook of Vitamins.
George Wolf, 4th ed, edited by Janos Zempleni, Robert B Rucker, Donald B McCormick, and John W Suttie, 2007, 593 pages, hardcover, $107.96. CRC Press, New York,
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 88, Issue 6, December 2008, Page 1708.
Role of the B vitamins in the immune response.
Axelrod AE. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1981; 135:93-106.
doi: 10.1007/978-1-4615-9200-6_5. PMID: 7010964.
Vitamin E
Regulatory role of vitamin E in the immune system and inflammation.
Lewis ED, Meydani SN, Wu D. IUBMB Life. 2019;71(4):487-494.
doi:10.1002/iub.1976
The Role of Vitamin E in Immunity.
Lee GY, Han SN.
Nutrients. 2018;10(11):1614. Published 2018 Nov
1.doi:10.3390/nu10111614.
Chapter eight – Vitamin E and Immunity.
Didem Pekmezci. Editor(s): Gerald Litwack.
Vitamins & Hormones, Academic Press, Volume 86, 2011, Pages 179-215, ISSN 0083-6729, ISBN 9780123869609
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-386960-9.00008-3.
Role of Vitamin E in Boosting the Immunity from Neonates to Elderly.
Mariyappan Kowsalya, Mohan Prasanna Rajeshkumar, Thangavel Velmurugan, Kattakgounder Govindaraj Sudha and Saheb Ali.
In Vitamin E in Health and Disease Chapter 5 Page 377. eBook (PDF) ISBN: 978-1-83968-839-3. Eds: Pınar Erkekoglu and Júlia Scherer Santos. June 15th, 2021.
DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.98553
Effect of 50- and 100-mg vitamin E supplements on cellular immune function in noninstitutionalized elderly persons.
Esther G Pallast, Evert G Schouten, Frouwkje G de Waart, Hannie C Fonk, Gert Doekes, B Mary von Blomberg, Frans J Kok.
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 69, Issue 6, June 1999, Pages 1273–1281
https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/69.6.1273
Vitamin K
Reduced Vitamin K Status as a Potentially Modifiable Risk Factor of Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019.
Dofferhoff ASM, Piscaer I, Schurgers LJ, Visser MPJ, van den Ouweland JMW, de Jong PA, Gosens R, Hackeng TM, van Daal H, Lux P, Maassen C, Karssemeijer EGA, Vermeer C, Wouters EFM, Kistemaker LEM, Walk J, Janssen R.
Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Dec 6;73(11): e4039-e4046.
doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1258. PMID: 32852539; PMCID: PMC7499546.
Vitamin K metabolism as the potential missing link between lung damage and thromboembolism in Coronavirus disease 2019.
Janssen R, Visser MPJ, Dofferhoff ASM, Vermeer C, Janssens W, Walk J.
Br J Nutr. 2021 Jul 28;126(2):191-198. Epub 2020 Oct 7. PMID: 33023681; PMCID: PMC7578635.
doi: 10.1017/S0007114520003979.
Vitamin K & D Deficiencies Are Independently Associated With COVID-19 Disease Severity.
Ankita P Desai, Sahera Dirajlal-Fargo, Jared C Durieux, Heather Tribout, Danielle Labbato, Grace A McComsey.
Open Forum Infectious Diseases, Volume 8, Issue 10, October 2021, ofab408.
Potential Beneficial Effects of Vitamin K in SARS-CoV-2 Induced Vascular Disease?
Kudelko, M.; Yip, T.F.; Hei Law, G.C.; Lee, S.M.Y.
Immuno 2021, 1, 17–29.
Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia.
Tang N, Li D, Wang X, Sun Z.
J Thromb Haemost. 2020 Apr;18(4):844-847. Epub 2020 Mar 13. PMID: 32073213; PMCID: PMC7166509.
doi: 10.1111/jth.14768.
MINERALS
ZINC
Coronavirus: To zinc or not to zinc? Zinc is no COVID-19 magic bullet, but it has shown to help with other coronaviruses.
Todd Neff
UCHealth. March 25, 2020.
The Implications of Zinc Therapy in Combating the COVID-19 Global Pandemic.
Samad N, Sodunke TE, Abubakar AR, Jahan I, Sharma P, Islam S, Dutta S, Haque M.
J Inflamm Res. 2021;14:527-550.
COVID-19 pandemic: Can zinc supplementation provide an additional shield against the infection?
Mohammed S. Razzaque
Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal, Volume 19,2021, Pages
1371-1378,ISSN 2001-0370,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csbj.2021.02.015.
Reduced Vitamin K Status as a Potentially Modifiable Risk Factor of Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019.
Dofferhoff ASM, Piscaer I, Schurgers LJ, Visser MPJ, van den Ouweland JMW, de Jong PA, Gosens R, Hackeng TM, van Daal H, Lux P, Maassen C, Karssemeijer EGA, Vermeer C, Wouters EFM, Kistemaker LEM, Walk J, Janssen R.
Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Dec 6;73(11): e4039-e4046.
doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1258. PMID: 32852539; PMCID: PMC7499546.
Zinc as a nutritional intervention and prevention measure for COVID–19 disease.
Mossink JP.
BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health. 2020;
Vitamin K & D Deficiencies Are Independently Associated With COVID-19 Disease Severity.
Ankita P Desai, Sahera Dirajlal-Fargo, Jared C Durieux, Heather Tribout, Danielle Labbato, Grace A McComsey.
Open Forum Infectious Diseases, Volume 8, Issue 10, October 2021, ofab408.
Magnesium
Magnesium And Vitamin D Deficiency As A Potential Cause of Immune Dysfunction, Cytokine Storm And Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation In COVID-19 Patients.
DiNicolantonio James J. and O’Keefe James H.
Missouri Medicine January/February 2021 118:1, page 68 to 73.
Possibility of magnesium supplementation for supportive treatment in patients with COVID-19
Tang CF, Ding H, Jiao RQ, Wu XX, Kong LD.
Eur J Pharmacol. 2020; 886:173546.
Magnesium, The neglected cation in COVID-19?
Jose, Jes; Magoon, Rohan; Kapoor, Poonam M.
Journal of Anesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology: Jan–Mar 2021 – Volume 37 – Issue 1 – p 141-142
SARS-CoV-2: influence of phosphate and magnesium, moderated by vitamin D, on energy (ATP) metabolism and on severity of COVID-19.
Theo A. T. G. van Kempen and Elisabeth Deixler.
American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 2021 320:1, E2-E6.
Cohort study to evaluate the effect of vitamin D, magnesium, and vitamin B12 in combination on progression to severe outcomes in older patients with coronavirus (COVID-19).
Chuen Wen Tan, Liam Pock Ho, Shirin Kalimuddin, Benjamin Pei Zhi Cherng, Yii Ean Teh, Siew Yee Thien, Hei Man Wong, Paul Jie Wen Tern, Manju Chandran, Jason Wai Mun Chay, Chandramouli Nagarajan, Rehena Sultana, Jenny Guek Hong Low, Heng Joo Ng.
Nutrition, Volumes 79–80,2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2020.111017.
The relevance of magnesium homeostasis in COVID-19.
Trapani, V., Rosanoff, A., Baniasadi, S. et al.
Eur J Nutr (2021).
Cohort study to evaluate the effect of vitamin D, magnesium, and vitamin B12 in combination on progression to severe outcomes in older patients with coronavirus (COVID-19).
Chuen Wen Tan, Liam Pock Ho, Shirin Kalimuddin, Benjamin Pei Zhi Cherng, Yii Ean Teh, Siew Yee Thien, Hei Man Wong, Paul Jie Wen Tern, Manju Chandran, Jason Wai Mun Chay, Chandramouli Nagarajan, Rehena Sultana, Jenny Guek Hong Low, Heng Joo Ng.
Nutrition, Volumes 79–80,2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2020.111017.
A narrative review of COVID-19: magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate as a potential adjuvant treatment.
Tang, Chuanfeng, Ding, Hong, Sun, Yang, Han, Zhujun, Kong, Lingdong.
Ann Palliat Med 2021;10(4):4777-4798
The relevance of magnesium homeostasis in COVID-19.
Trapani, V., Rosanoff, A., Baniasadi, S. et al.
Eur J Nutr (2021).
Calcium
Low serum calcium: a new, important indicator of COVID-19 patients from mild/moderate to severe/critical [published online ahead of print, 2020 Nov 30].
Zhou X, Chen D, Wang L, et al.
Biosci Rep. 2020;40(12): BSR20202690.
Conflicts over calcium and the treatment of COVID-19.
Bernard Crespi, and Joe Alcock.
Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health [2021] pp. 149–156
Serum Calcium and Vitamin D levels: Correlation with severity of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients in Royal Hospital, Oman.
Wessam Osman, Fatma Al Fahdi, Issa Al Salmi, Huda Al Khalili, Antara Gokhale, Faryal Khamis.
International Journal of Infectious Diseases. VOLUME 107, P153-163, JUNE 01, 2021.
The effect of low serum calcium level on the severity and mortality of Covid patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Alemzadeh, E, Alemzadeh, E, Ziaee, M, Abedi, A, Salehiniya, H
Immun Inflamm 1219- 1228
Calcium and COVID-19.
ANDREW B FEBRUARY 2021.
Aquamin
Copper
COVID-19: The Potential Role of Copper and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in a Combination of Candidate Antiviral Treatments Against SARS-CoV-2.
ANDRI ANDREOU, SOFIA TRANTZA, DEMETRIOS FILIPPOU, NIKOLAOS SIPSAS and SOTIRIOS TSIODRAS.
In Vivo June 2020, 34 (3 suppl) 1567-1588
Conflicts over calcium and the treatment of COVID-19.
Bernard Crespi, and Joe Alcock.
Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health [2021] pp. 149–156
Serum Calcium and Vitamin D levels: Correlation with severity of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients in Royal Hospital, Oman.
Wessam Osman, Fatma Al Fahdi, Issa Al Salmi, Huda Al Khalili, Antara Gokhale, Faryal Khamis.
International Journal of Infectious Diseases. VOLUME 107, P153-163, JUNE 01, 2021.
Selenium
COVID-19 and Selenium Deficiency: a Systematic Review.
Fakhrolmobasheri M, Mazaheri-Tehrani S, Kieliszek M, Zeinalian M, Abbasi M, Karimi F, Mozafari AM.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2021 Nov 5:1–12.
doi: 10.1007/s12011-021-02997-4. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34739678; PMCID: PMC8569840.
A Mechanistic Link Between Selenium and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19).
Khatiwada S, Subedi A.
Curr Nutr Rep. 2021;10(2):125-136.
Role of Selenium in Viral Infections with a Major Focus on SARS-CoV-2.
Martinez SS, Huang Y, Acuna L, Laverde E, Trujillo D, Barbieri MA, Tamargo J, Campa A, Baum MK.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(1):280.
Association between fatality rate of COVID-19 and selenium deficiency in China.
Zhang, HY., Zhang, AR., Lu, QB. et al.
BMC Infect Dis 21, 452 (2021).
Selenium supplementation may improve COVID-19 survival in sickle cell disease.
Henderson GD. [published online ahead of print, 2021 Sep 17].
Br J Nutr. 2021;1-2.
doi:10.1017/S0007114521003718
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/
articles/PMC8505815/
Manganese
Cohort study to evaluate the effect of vitamin D, magnesium, and vitamin B12 in combination on progression to severe outcomes in older patients with coronavirus (COVID-19).
Chuen Wen Tan, Liam Pock Ho, Shirin Kalimuddin, Benjamin Pei Zhi Cherng, Yii Ean Teh, Siew Yee Thien, Hei Man Wong, Paul Jie Wen Tern, Manju Chandran, Jason Wai Mun Chay, Chandramouli Nagarajan, Rehena Sultana, Jenny Guek Hong Low, Heng Joo Ng.
Nutrition, Volumes 79–80,2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2020.111017.
Manganese nanodepot augments host immune response against coronavirus.
Sun, Yizhe; Yin, Yue; Gong, Lidong; Liang, Zichao; Zhu, Chuanda; Ren, Caixia; Zheng, Nan; Zhang, Qiang; Liu, Haibin; Liu, Wei; You, Fuping; Lu, Dan; Lin, Zhiqiang.
Nano Research, Volume 14, Issue 5, p.1260-1272.
DOI:10.1007/s12274-020-3243-5
The relevance of magnesium homeostasis in COVID-19.
Trapani, V., Rosanoff, A., Baniasadi, S. et al.
Eur J Nutr (2021).
OTHER POTENT IMMUNE BOOSTERS
Beta 1, 3/1, 6 Beta Glucans
Effects of beta-glucans on the immune system.
Akramiene D, Kondrotas A, Didziapetriene J, Kevelaitis E.
Medicina (Kaunas). 2007;43(8):597-606.
Beneficial effects of novel aureobasidium pullulans strains produced beta-1,3-1,6 glucans on interleukin-6 and D-dimer levels in COVID-19 patients; results of a randomized multiple-arm pilot clinical study.
Kadalraja Raghavan, Vidyasagar Devaprasad Dedeepiya, Vaddi Suryaprakash, Kosagi-Sharaf Rao, Nobunao Ikewaki, Tohru Sonoda, Gary A. Levy, Masaru Iwasaki, Rajappa Senthilkumar, Senthilkumar Preethy, Samuel JK Abraham.
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, Volume 145, 2022, 112243, ISSN 0753-3322.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112243.
β-Glucans Could Be Adjuvants for SARS-CoV-2 Virus Vaccines (COVID-19).
Córdova-Martínez, A.; Caballero-García, A.; Roche, E.; Noriega, D.C.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 12636.
β-glucans: wide-spectrum immune-balancing food-supplement-based enteric (β-WIFE) vaccine adjuvant approach to COVID-19.
Ikewaki N, Iwasaki M, Kurosawa G, et al.
Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2021;17(8):2808-2813.
Could the Induction of Trained Immunity by β-Glucan Serve as a Defense Against COVID-19?
Geller A and Yan J (2020)
Front. Immunol. 11:1782.
Ingestion of beta-glucans could stimulate longer-lasting cellular immunity upon administration of COVID-19 vaccines.
Kow, C.S., Ramachandram, D.S. and Hasan, S.S. (2021).
J Food Biochem, 45: e13959.
N Acetyl Cysteine (NAC)
N-acetyl-cysteine reduces the risk for mechanical ventilation and mortality in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia: a two-center retrospective cohort study.
Assimakopoulos SF, Aretha D, Komninos D, Dimitropoulou D, Lagadinou M, Leonidou L, Oikonomou I, Mouzaki A, Marangos M.
Infect Dis (Lond). 2021 Nov;53(11):847-854.
Epub 2021 Jun 29. PMID: 34182881
Therapeutic blockade of inflammation in severe COVID-19 infection with intravenous N-acetylcysteine.
Ibrahim H, Perl A, Smith D, Lewis T, Kon Z, Goldenberg R, Yarta K, Staniloae C, Williams M.
Clin Immunol. 2020 Oct; 219:108544.
doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108544. Epub 2020 Jul 22. PMID:32707089; PMCID: PMC7374140
Coronavirus Pandemic Update 69: “NAC” Supplementation and COVID-19 (N-Acetylcysteine).
COVID-19 Update 69 with Roger Seheult, MD
N-acetylcysteine as a potential treatment for COVID-19.
Jorge-Aarón RM, Rosa-Ester MP.
Future Microbiol. 2020; 15:959-962.
doi:10.2217/fmb-2020-0074
Rationale for the use of N-acetylcysteine in both prevention and adjuvant therapy of COVID-19.
De Flora S, Balansky R, La Maestra S.
The FASEB J. 2020 Oct;34(10):13185-13193.
doi: 10.1096/fj.202001807. Epub 2020 Aug 11. PMID: 32780893; PMCID: PMC7436914.
N-Acetylcysteine to Combat COVID-19: An Evidence Review.
Shi Z, Puyo CA.
Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2020; 16:1047-1055.
Published 2020 Nov 2. doi:10.2147/TCRM.S273700
Quercetin
Possible Therapeutic Effects of Adjuvant Quercetin Supplementation Against Early-Stage COVID-19 Infection: A Prospective, Randomized, Controlled, and Open-Label Study.
Di Pierro F, Derosa G, Maffioli P, Bertuccioli A, Togni S, Riva A, Allegrini P, Khan A, Khan S, Khan BA, Altaf N, Zahid M, Ujjan ID, Nigar R, Khushk MI, Phulpoto M, Lail A, Devrajani BR, Ahmed S.
Int J Gen Med. 2021 Jun 8; 14:2359-2366.
Potential Clinical Benefits of Quercetin in the Early Stage of COVID-19: Results of a Second, Pilot, Randomized, Controlled and Open-Label Clinical Trial.
Di Pierro F, Iqtadar S, Khan A, et al. Int J Gen Med. 2021; 14:2807-2816. Published 2021 Jun 24
Quercetin and Vitamin C: An Experimental, Synergistic Therapy for the Prevention and Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 Related Disease (COVID-19).
Colunga Biancatelli RML, Berrill M, Catravas JD and Marik PE. Front. Immunol. 11:1451. 2020.
Evaluation of the Effect of Zinc, Quercetin, Bromelain and Vitamin C on COVID-19 Patients.
Amr Kamel, Heba Abdelseed, Yousef Albalawi, Eman Aslsalameen, Yousef Almutairi, Abdullah Alkattan.
medRxiv 2020.12.22.20245993; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.22.20245993
Anti-inflammatory potential of Quercetin in COVID-19 treatment.
Saeedi-Boroujeni, A., Mahmoudian-Sani, MR.
J Inflamm 18, 3 (2021).
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES
These are Excellent review of the positive effects of many the micronutrients in CO-VIT D+ 10 (Vitamins and minerals) on the immune system:
Immunity in depth.
Oregon State University, Linus Pauling Institute.
Nutrition and the Immune System.
Oregon State University, Linus Pauling Institute.
Vitamins: Key Role Players in Boosting Up Immune Response-A Mini Review.
Muhammad Farhan Aslam, Saad Majeed, Sidra Aslam, Jazib Ali Irfan.
Vitamins & Minerals, January 2017, OMICS Publishing Group. DOI:
Cohort study to evaluate the effect of vitamin D, magnesium, and vitamin B12 in combination on progression to severe outcomes in older patients with coronavirus (COVID-19).
Chuen Wen Tan, Liam Pock Ho, Shirin Kalimuddin, Benjamin Pei Zhi Cherng, Yii Ean Teh, Siew Yee Thien, Hei Man Wong, Paul Jie Wen Tern, Manju Chandran, Jason Wai Mun Chay, Chandramouli Nagarajan, Rehena Sultana, Jenny Guek Hong Low, Heng Joo Ng.
Nutrition, Volumes 79–80,2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2020.111017.
The effect of supplementation with vitamins A, B, C, D, and E on disease severity and inflammatory responses in patients with COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial.
Beigmohammadi, M.T., Bitarafan, S., Hoseindokht, A. et al.
Trials 22, 802 (2021).
The relevance of magnesium homeostasis in COVID-19.
Trapani, V., Rosanoff, A., Baniasadi, S. et al.
Eur J Nutr (2021).
SUPERCHARGE
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